dpkg -l tar gzip unzip zip

Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name           Version                      Architecture Description
+++-==============-============================-============-========================================
ii  gzip           1.10-4ubuntu4.2              amd64        GNU compression utilities
ii  tar            1.34+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1.22.04.6 amd64        GNU version of the tar archiving utility
ii  unzip          6.0-26ubuntu3.2              amd64        De-archiver for .zip files
un  zip            <none>                       <none>       (no description available)

apt-get install -y zip

Reading package lists...
Building dependency tree...
Reading state information...
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  zip
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 10 not upgraded.
Need to get 176 kB of archives.
After this operation, 544 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/main amd64 zip amd64 3.0-12build2 [176 kB]
debconf: delaying package configuration, since apt-utils is not installed
Fetched 176 kB in 2s (108 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package zip.
(Reading database ... 10598 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../zip_3.0-12build2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking zip (3.0-12build2) ...
Setting up zip (3.0-12build2) ...

apt-get install -y --reinstall tar gzip unzip zip

Reading package lists...
Building dependency tree...
Reading state information...
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 4 reinstalled, 0 to remove and 10 not upgraded.
Need to get 745 kB of archives.
After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates/main amd64 gzip amd64 1.10-4ubuntu4.2 [96.1 kB]
Get:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates/main amd64 tar amd64 1.34+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1.22.04.6 [298 kB]
Get:3 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates/main amd64 unzip amd64 6.0-26ubuntu3.2 [175 kB]
Get:4 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/main amd64 zip amd64 3.0-12build2 [176 kB]
debconf: delaying package configuration, since apt-utils is not installed
Fetched 745 kB in 5s (142 kB/s)
(Reading database ... 10612 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../gzip_1.10-4ubuntu4.2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking gzip (1.10-4ubuntu4.2) over (1.10-4ubuntu4.2) ...
Setting up gzip (1.10-4ubuntu4.2) ...
(Reading database ... 10612 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../tar_1.34+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1.22.04.6_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking tar (1.34+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1.22.04.6) over (1.34+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1.22.04.6) ...
Setting up tar (1.34+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1.22.04.6) ...
(Reading database ... 10612 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../unzip_6.0-26ubuntu3.2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking unzip (6.0-26ubuntu3.2) over (6.0-26ubuntu3.2) ...
Preparing to unpack .../zip_3.0-12build2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking zip (3.0-12build2) over (3.0-12build2) ...
Setting up unzip (6.0-26ubuntu3.2) ...
Setting up zip (3.0-12build2) ...

tar --version | head -1
gzip --version | head -1
unzip -v | head -1
dpkg -l tar gzip unzip zip | tail -4

tar (GNU tar) 1.34
gzip 1.10
UnZip 6.00 of 20 April 2009, by Debian. Original by Info-ZIP.
ii  gzip           1.10-4ubuntu4.2              amd64        GNU compression utilities
ii  tar            1.34+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1.22.04.6 amd64        GNU version of the tar archiving utility
ii  unzip          6.0-26ubuntu3.2              amd64        De-archiver for .zip files
ii  zip            3.0-12build2                 amd64        Archiver for .zip files

mkdir -p /root/off-tar
apt-get install -y --download-only --reinstall -o Dir::Cache::archives=/root/off-tar tar gzip unzip zip

Reading package lists...
Building dependency tree...
Reading state information...
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 4 reinstalled, 0 to remove and 10 not upgraded.
Need to get 745 kB of archives.
After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates/main amd64 gzip amd64 1.10-4ubuntu4.2 [96.1 kB]
Get:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates/main amd64 tar amd64 1.34+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1.22.04.6 [298 kB]
Get:3 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates/main amd64 unzip amd64 6.0-26ubuntu3.2 [175 kB]
Get:4 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy/main amd64 zip amd64 3.0-12build2 [176 kB]
Fetched 745 kB in 3s (237 kB/s)
Download complete and in download only mode
W: Download is performed unsandboxed as root as file '/root/off-tar/partial/gzip_1.10-4ubuntu4.2_amd64.deb' couldn't be accessed by user '_apt'. - pkgAcquire::Run (13: Permission denied)

ls -l /root/off-tar/*.deb

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  96114 Jul  6 12:59 /root/off-tar/gzip_1.10-4ubuntu4.2_amd64.deb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 298302 Jul 22 15:00 /root/off-tar/tar_1.34+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1.22.04.6_amd64.deb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 174540 Feb  7  2024 /root/off-tar/unzip_6.0-26ubuntu3.2_amd64.deb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 175730 Mar 25  2022 /root/off-tar/zip_3.0-12build2_amd64.deb

cd /root/off-tar && dpkg -i tar_1.34+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1.22.04.6_amd64.deb

(Reading database ... 10612 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack tar_1.34+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1.22.04.6_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking tar (1.34+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1.22.04.6) over (1.34+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1.22.04.6) ...
Setting up tar (1.34+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1.22.04.6) ...

dpkg -i gzip_1.10-4ubuntu4.2_amd64.deb

(Reading database ... 10612 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack gzip_1.10-4ubuntu4.2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking gzip (1.10-4ubuntu4.2) over (1.10-4ubuntu4.2) ...
Setting up gzip (1.10-4ubuntu4.2) ...

dpkg -i unzip_6.0-26ubuntu3.2_amd64.deb

(Reading database ... 10612 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack unzip_6.0-26ubuntu3.2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking unzip (6.0-26ubuntu3.2) over (6.0-26ubuntu3.2) ...
Setting up unzip (6.0-26ubuntu3.2) ...

dpkg -i zip_3.0-12build2_amd64.deb

(Reading database ... 10612 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack zip_3.0-12build2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking zip (3.0-12build2) over (3.0-12build2) ...
Setting up zip (3.0-12build2) ...

tar --version | head -1
gzip --version | head -1
unzip -v | head -1
dpkg -l tar gzip unzip zip | tail -4

tar (GNU tar) 1.34
gzip 1.10
UnZip 6.00 of 20 April 2009, by Debian. Original by Info-ZIP.
ii  gzip           1.10-4ubuntu4.2              amd64        GNU compression utilities
ii  tar            1.34+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1.22.04.6 amd64        GNU version of the tar archiving utility
ii  unzip          6.0-26ubuntu3.2              amd64        De-archiver for .zip files
ii  zip            3.0-12build2                 amd64        Archiver for .zip files

tar --help

Usage: tar [OPTION...] [FILE]...
GNU 'tar' saves many files together into a single tape or disk archive, and can
restore individual files from the archive.

Examples:
  tar -cf archive.tar foo bar  # Create archive.tar from files foo and bar.
  tar -tvf archive.tar         # List all files in archive.tar verbosely.
  tar -xf archive.tar          # Extract all files from archive.tar.

 Main operation mode:
  -A, --catenate, --concatenate   append tar files to an archive
  -c, --create               create a new archive
      --delete               delete from the archive (not on mag tapes!)
  -d, --diff, --compare      find differences between archive and file system
  -r, --append               append files to the end of an archive
      --test-label           test the archive volume label and exit
  -t, --list                 list the contents of an archive
  -u, --update               only append files newer than copy in archive
  -x, --extract, --get       extract files from an archive

 Operation modifiers:

      --check-device         check device numbers when creating incremental
                             archives (default)
  -g, --listed-incremental=FILE   handle new GNU-format incremental backup
  -G, --incremental          handle old GNU-format incremental backup
      --hole-detection=TYPE  technique to detect holes
      --ignore-failed-read   do not exit with nonzero on unreadable files
      --level=NUMBER         dump level for created listed-incremental archive
      --no-check-device      do not check device numbers when creating
                             incremental archives
      --no-seek              archive is not seekable
  -n, --seek                 archive is seekable
      --occurrence[=NUMBER]  process only the NUMBERth occurrence of each file
                             in the archive; this option is valid only in
                             conjunction with one of the subcommands --delete,
                             --diff, --extract or --list and when a list of
                             files is given either on the command line or via
                             the -T option; NUMBER defaults to 1
      --sparse-version=MAJOR[.MINOR]
                             set version of the sparse format to use (implies
                             --sparse)
  -S, --sparse               handle sparse files efficiently

 Local file name selection:
      --add-file=FILE        add given FILE to the archive (useful if its name
                             starts with a dash)
  -C, --directory=DIR        change to directory DIR
      --exclude=PATTERN      exclude files, given as a PATTERN
      --exclude-backups      exclude backup and lock files
      --exclude-caches       exclude contents of directories containing
                             CACHEDIR.TAG, except for the tag file itself
      --exclude-caches-all   exclude directories containing CACHEDIR.TAG
      --exclude-caches-under exclude everything under directories containing
                             CACHEDIR.TAG
      --exclude-ignore=FILE  read exclude patterns for each directory from
                             FILE, if it exists
      --exclude-ignore-recursive=FILE
                             read exclude patterns for each directory and its
                             subdirectories from FILE, if it exists
      --exclude-tag=FILE     exclude contents of directories containing FILE,
                             except for FILE itself
      --exclude-tag-all=FILE exclude directories containing FILE
      --exclude-tag-under=FILE   exclude everything under directories
                             containing FILE
      --exclude-vcs          exclude version control system directories
      --exclude-vcs-ignores  read exclude patterns from the VCS ignore files
      --no-null              disable the effect of the previous --null option
      --no-recursion         avoid descending automatically in directories
      --no-unquote           do not unquote input file or member names
      --no-verbatim-files-from   -T treats file names starting with dash as
                             options (default)
      --null                 -T reads null-terminated names; implies
                             --verbatim-files-from
      --recursion            recurse into directories (default)
  -T, --files-from=FILE      get names to extract or create from FILE
      --unquote              unquote input file or member names (default)
      --verbatim-files-from  -T reads file names verbatim (no escape or option
                             handling)
  -X, --exclude-from=FILE    exclude patterns listed in FILE

 File name matching options (affect both exclude and include patterns):

      --anchored             patterns match file name start
      --ignore-case          ignore case
      --no-anchored          patterns match after any '/' (default for
                             exclusion)
      --no-ignore-case       case sensitive matching (default)
      --no-wildcards         verbatim string matching
      --no-wildcards-match-slash   wildcards do not match '/'
      --wildcards            use wildcards (default for exclusion)
      --wildcards-match-slash   wildcards match '/' (default for exclusion)

 Overwrite control:

      --keep-directory-symlink   preserve existing symlinks to directories when
                             extracting
      --keep-newer-files     don't replace existing files that are newer than
                             their archive copies
  -k, --keep-old-files       don't replace existing files when extracting,
                             treat them as errors
      --no-overwrite-dir     preserve metadata of existing directories
      --one-top-level[=DIR]  create a subdirectory to avoid having loose files
                             extracted
      --overwrite            overwrite existing files when extracting
      --overwrite-dir        overwrite metadata of existing directories when
                             extracting (default)
      --recursive-unlink     empty hierarchies prior to extracting directory
      --remove-files         remove files after adding them to the archive
      --skip-old-files       don't replace existing files when extracting,
                             silently skip over them
  -U, --unlink-first         remove each file prior to extracting over it
  -W, --verify               attempt to verify the archive after writing it

 Select output stream:

      --ignore-command-error ignore exit codes of children
      --no-ignore-command-error   treat non-zero exit codes of children as
                             error
  -O, --to-stdout            extract files to standard output
      --to-command=COMMAND   pipe extracted files to another program

 Handling of file attributes:

      --atime-preserve[=METHOD]   preserve access times on dumped files, either
                             by restoring the times after reading
                             (METHOD='replace'; default) or by not setting the
                             times in the first place (METHOD='system')
      --clamp-mtime          only set time when the file is more recent than
                             what was given with --mtime
      --delay-directory-restore   delay setting modification times and
                             permissions of extracted directories until the end
                             of extraction
      --group=NAME           force NAME as group for added files
      --group-map=FILE       use FILE to map file owner GIDs and names
      --mode=CHANGES         force (symbolic) mode CHANGES for added files
      --mtime=DATE-OR-FILE   set mtime for added files from DATE-OR-FILE
  -m, --touch                don't extract file modified time
      --no-delay-directory-restore
                             cancel the effect of --delay-directory-restore
                             option
      --no-same-owner        extract files as yourself (default for ordinary
                             users)
      --no-same-permissions  apply the user's umask when extracting permissions
                             from the archive (default for ordinary users)
      --numeric-owner        always use numbers for user/group names
      --owner=NAME           force NAME as owner for added files
      --owner-map=FILE       use FILE to map file owner UIDs and names
  -p, --preserve-permissions, --same-permissions
                             extract information about file permissions
                             (default for superuser)
      --same-owner           try extracting files with the same ownership as
                             exists in the archive (default for superuser)
      --sort=ORDER           directory sorting order: none (default), name or
                             inode
  -s, --preserve-order, --same-order
                             member arguments are listed in the same order as
                             the files in the archive

 Handling of extended file attributes:

      --acls                 Enable the POSIX ACLs support
      --no-acls              Disable the POSIX ACLs support
      --no-selinux           Disable the SELinux context support
      --no-xattrs            Disable extended attributes support
      --selinux              Enable the SELinux context support
      --xattrs               Enable extended attributes support
      --xattrs-exclude=MASK  specify the exclude pattern for xattr keys
      --xattrs-include=MASK  specify the include pattern for xattr keys

 Device selection and switching:

      --force-local          archive file is local even if it has a colon
  -f, --file=ARCHIVE         use archive file or device ARCHIVE
  -F, --info-script=NAME, --new-volume-script=NAME
                             run script at end of each tape (implies -M)
  -L, --tape-length=NUMBER   change tape after writing NUMBER x 1024 bytes
  -M, --multi-volume         create/list/extract multi-volume archive
      --rmt-command=COMMAND  use given rmt COMMAND instead of rmt
      --rsh-command=COMMAND  use remote COMMAND instead of rsh
      --volno-file=FILE      use/update the volume number in FILE

 Device blocking:

  -b, --blocking-factor=BLOCKS   BLOCKS x 512 bytes per record
  -B, --read-full-records    reblock as we read (for 4.2BSD pipes)
  -i, --ignore-zeros         ignore zeroed blocks in archive (means EOF)
      --record-size=NUMBER   NUMBER of bytes per record, multiple of 512

 Archive format selection:

  -H, --format=FORMAT        create archive of the given format

 FORMAT is one of the following:
    gnu                      GNU tar 1.13.x format
    oldgnu                   GNU format as per tar <= 1.12
    pax                      POSIX 1003.1-2001 (pax) format
    posix                    same as pax
    ustar                    POSIX 1003.1-1988 (ustar) format
    v7                       old V7 tar format

      --old-archive, --portability
                             same as --format=v7
      --pax-option=keyword[[:]=value][,keyword[[:]=value]]...
                             control pax keywords
      --posix                same as --format=posix
  -V, --label=TEXT           create archive with volume name TEXT; at
                             list/extract time, use TEXT as a globbing pattern
                             for volume name

 Compression options:

  -a, --auto-compress        use archive suffix to determine the compression
                             program
  -I, --use-compress-program=PROG
                             filter through PROG (must accept -d)
  -j, --bzip2                filter the archive through bzip2
  -J, --xz                   filter the archive through xz
      --lzip                 filter the archive through lzip
      --lzma                 filter the archive through xz
      --lzop                 filter the archive through lzop
      --no-auto-compress     do not use archive suffix to determine the
                             compression program
      --zstd                 filter the archive through zstd
  -z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip   filter the archive through gzip
  -Z, --compress, --uncompress   filter the archive through compress

 Local file selection:

      --backup[=CONTROL]     backup before removal, choose version CONTROL
      --hard-dereference     follow hard links; archive and dump the files they
                             refer to
  -h, --dereference          follow symlinks; archive and dump the files they
                             point to
  -K, --starting-file=MEMBER-NAME
                             begin at member MEMBER-NAME when reading the
                             archive
      --newer-mtime=DATE     compare date and time when data changed only
  -N, --newer=DATE-OR-FILE, --after-date=DATE-OR-FILE
                             only store files newer than DATE-OR-FILE
      --one-file-system      stay in local file system when creating archive
  -P, --absolute-names       don't strip leading '/'s from file names
      --suffix=STRING        backup before removal, override usual suffix ('~'
                             unless overridden by environment variable
                             SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX)

 File name transformations:

      --strip-components=NUMBER   strip NUMBER leading components from file
                             names on extraction
      --transform=EXPRESSION, --xform=EXPRESSION
                             use sed replace EXPRESSION to transform file
                             names

 Informative output:

      --checkpoint[=NUMBER]  display progress messages every NUMBERth record
                             (default 10)
      --checkpoint-action=ACTION   execute ACTION on each checkpoint
      --full-time            print file time to its full resolution
      --index-file=FILE      send verbose output to FILE
  -l, --check-links          print a message if not all links are dumped
      --no-quote-chars=STRING   disable quoting for characters from STRING
      --quote-chars=STRING   additionally quote characters from STRING
      --quoting-style=STYLE  set name quoting style; see below for valid STYLE
                             values
  -R, --block-number         show block number within archive with each message

      --show-defaults        show tar defaults
      --show-omitted-dirs    when listing or extracting, list each directory
                             that does not match search criteria
      --show-snapshot-field-ranges
                             show valid ranges for snapshot-file fields
      --show-transformed-names, --show-stored-names
                             show file or archive names after transformation
      --totals[=SIGNAL]      print total bytes after processing the archive;
                             with an argument - print total bytes when this
                             SIGNAL is delivered; Allowed signals are: SIGHUP,
                             SIGQUIT, SIGINT, SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2; the names
                             without SIG prefix are also accepted
      --utc                  print file modification times in UTC
  -v, --verbose              verbosely list files processed
      --warning=KEYWORD      warning control
  -w, --interactive, --confirmation
                             ask for confirmation for every action

 Compatibility options:

  -o                         when creating, same as --old-archive; when
                             extracting, same as --no-same-owner

 Other options:

  -?, --help                 give this help list
      --restrict             disable use of some potentially harmful options
      --usage                give a short usage message
      --version              print program version

Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
for any corresponding short options.

The backup suffix is '~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.
The version control may be set with --backup or VERSION_CONTROL, values are:

  none, off       never make backups
  t, numbered     make numbered backups
  nil, existing   numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise
  never, simple   always make simple backups

Valid arguments for the --quoting-style option are:

  literal
  shell
  shell-always
  shell-escape
  shell-escape-always
  c
  c-maybe
  escape
  locale
  clocale

*This* tar defaults to:
--format=gnu -f- -b20 --quoting-style=escape --rmt-command=/usr/sbin/rmt
--rsh-command=/usr/bin/rsh

mkdir -p /root/t-tar/subdir && cd /root/t-tar && tar czf /root/test.tar.gz .
ls -l /root/test.tar.gz

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1049214 Oct  6 15:37 /root/test.tar.gz

tar tzf /root/test.tar.gz

./
./file1.txt
./file2.txt
./random.bin
./subdir/
./subdir/file3.txt

tar tvzf /root/test.tar.gz

drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2026-10-06 15:37 ./
-rw-r--r-- root/root        10 2026-10-06 15:37 ./file1.txt
-rw-r--r-- root/root        12 2026-10-06 15:37 ./file2.txt
-rw-r--r-- root/root   1048576 2026-10-06 15:37 ./random.bin
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2026-10-06 15:37 ./subdir/
-rw-r--r-- root/root        10 2026-10-06 15:37 ./subdir/file3.txt

mkdir -p /root/t-tar-x && cd /root/t-tar-x && tar xzf /root/test.tar.gz
find . -type f | sort

./file1.txt
./file2.txt
./random.bin
./subdir/file3.txt

cd /root/t-tar && tar czf /root/test.tar.gz . && tar cjf /root/t-bz2.tar.bz2 . && tar cJf /root/t-xz.tar.xz .
ls -l /root/test.tar.gz /root/t-bz2.tar.bz2 /root/t-xz.tar.xz

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1049214 Oct  6 15:38 /root/test.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1054752 Oct  6 15:38 /root/t-bz2.tar.bz2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1066224 Oct  6 15:38 /root/t-xz.tar.xz

cd /root/t-tar && tar czf /root/t-ex.tar.gz --exclude='*.bin' --exclude='subdir' .
tar tzf /root/t-ex.tar.gz

./
./file1.txt
./file2.txt

cd /root && tar czf /root/t-C.tar.gz -C /root/t-tar file1.txt subdir/file3.txt
tar tzf /root/t-C.tar.gz

file1.txt
subdir/file3.txt

mkdir -p /root/t-cx && tar xzf /root/test.tar.gz -C /root/t-cx ./subdir/file3.txt
find /root/t-cx -type f | sort

/root/t-cx/subdir/file3.txt

chmod 640 /root/t-tar/file1.txt && tar cf /root/t-p.tar -C /root/t-tar file1.txt
mkdir -p /root/t-px && tar xf /root/t-p.tar -C /root/t-px
ls -l /root/t-px/file1.txt

-rw-r----- 1 root root 10 Oct  6 15:37 /root/t-px/file1.txt

tar czf /root/t-P.tar.gz -P /root/t-tar/file1.txt
tar tzf /root/t-P.tar.gz

/root/t-tar/file1.txt
tar: Removing leading `/' from member names

mkdir -p /root/t-s1 && tar xzf /root/test.tar.gz --strip-components=1 -C /root/t-s1
find /root/t-s1 -type f | sort

/root/t-s1/file1.txt
/root/t-s1/file2.txt
/root/t-s1/random.bin
/root/t-s1/subdir/file3.txt

cd /root/t-kx && tar xzf /root/test.tar.gz ./file1.txt && echo MODIFIED > file1.txt
tar xkzf /root/test.tar.gz ./file1.txt

tar: ./file1.txt: Cannot open: File exists
tar: Exiting with failure status due to previous errors

echo "exit=$?"; cat file1.txt

exit=2
MODIFIED

tar cf /root/t-u.tar -C /root/t-tar file1.txt && cd /root/t-tar
tar uf /root/t-u.tar file2.txt subdir/file3.txt
tar tvf /root/t-u.tar

-rw-r----- root/root        10 2026-10-06 15:37 file1.txt
-rw-r--r-- root/root        12 2026-10-06 15:37 file2.txt
-rw-r--r-- root/root        10 2026-10-06 15:37 subdir/file3.txt

tar cf /root/t-r.tar -C /root/t-tar file1.txt && tar rf /root/t-r.tar -C /root/t-tar file2.txt
tar tf /root/t-r.tar

file1.txt
file2.txt

tar cf /root/t-a1.tar -C /root/t-tar file1.txt && tar cf /root/t-a2.tar -C /root/t-tar file2.txt
tar Af /root/t-a1.tar /root/t-a2.tar
tar tf /root/t-a1.tar

file1.txt
file2.txt

tar df /root/test.tar.gz

./file1.txt: Mode differs

echo "exit=$?"

exit=1

mkdir -p /root/t-dx && cd /root/t-dx && tar xzf /root/test.tar.gz && echo CHANGED > random.bin
tar dzf /root/test.tar.gz

./random.bin: Mod time differs
./random.bin: Size differs

echo "exit=$?"

exit=1

cd /root/t-tar && tar czf /root/t-tot.tar.gz --totals . 2>&1 | tail -1

Total bytes written: 1054720 (1.1MiB, 22MiB/s)

dd if=/dev/zero of=/root/t-tar/sparse.bin bs=1M count=5 seek=100 2>/dev/null
tar cf /root/t-nosp.tar -C /root/t-tar sparse.bin
tar cf /root/t-sp.tar --sparse -C /root/t-tar sparse.bin
ls -l /root/t-nosp.tar /root/t-sp.tar

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 110110720 Oct  6 15:38 /root/t-nosp.tar
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   5253120 Oct  6 15:38 /root/t-sp.tar

apt-get install -y xz-utils >/dev/null 2>&1
tar caf /root/t-auto.tar.gz -C /root/t-tar file1.txt
tar caf /root/t-auto.tar.xz -C /root/t-tar file1.txt
ls -l /root/t-auto.tar.gz /root/t-auto.tar.xz

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 128 Oct  6 15:38 /root/t-auto.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 188 Oct  6 15:38 /root/t-auto.tar.xz

apt-get install -y attr >/dev/null 2>&1
setfattr -n user.comment -v test /root/t-tar/file1.txt
tar cf /root/t-xattr.tar --xattrs -C /root/t-tar file1.txt
mkdir -p /root/t-xa && tar xf /root/t-xattr.tar --xattrs -C /root/t-xa
getfattr -n user.comment /root/t-xa/file1.txt

getfattr: Removing leading '/' from absolute path names
# file: root/t-xa/file1.txt
user.comment="test"

mkdir -p /root/t-no && tar xf /root/t-m.tar --no-same-owner -C /root/t-no
ls -l /root/t-no/file2.txt

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12 Jan  1  2020 /root/t-no/file2.txt

tar xf /root/t-m.tar -C /root/t-m2 && tar xmf /root/t-m.tar -C /root/t-m3
stat -c '%y' /root/t-m2/file2.txt
stat -c '%y' /root/t-m3/file2.txt

2020-01-01 12:00:00.000000000 +0000
2026-10-06 15:38:19.096319577 +0000

mkdir -p /root/t-otl && tar xzf /root/test.tar.gz --one-top-level -C /root/t-otl
find /root/t-otl -maxdepth 2 | sort | head -8

/root/t-otl
/root/t-otl/test
/root/t-otl/test/file1.txt
/root/t-otl/test/file2.txt
/root/t-otl/test/random.bin
/root/t-otl/test/subdir

mkdir -p /root/t-tr && tar xzf /root/test.tar.gz --transform='s/file/renamed/' -C /root/t-tr ./file1.txt
find /root/t-tr -type f | sort

/root/t-tr/renamed1.txt

ln -sf /root/t-tar/file1.txt /root/t-tar/link1
tar cf /root/t-h1.tar -C /root/t-tar link1 && tar tvf /root/t-h1.tar
tar cf /root/t-h2.tar -h -C /root/t-tar link1 && tar tvf /root/t-h2.tar

lrwxrwxrwx root/root         0 2026-10-06 15:38 link1 -> /root/t-tar/file1.txt
-rw-r----- root/root        10 2026-10-06 15:37 link1

tar tf /root/test.tar.gz --wildcards '*.txt'

./file1.txt
./file2.txt
./subdir/file3.txt

printf 'file1.txt\nsubdir/file3.txt\n' > /root/t-list.txt
cd /root/t-tar && tar czf /root/t-T.tar.gz -T /root/t-list.txt
tar tzf /root/t-T.tar.gz

file1.txt
subdir/file3.txt

cd /root/t-tar && tar czf /root/t-chk.tar.gz --checkpoint=500 . 2>&1 | head -4

tar: Write checkpoint 500
tar: Write checkpoint 1000
tar: Write checkpoint 1500
tar: Write checkpoint 2000

gzip --help

Usage: gzip [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Compress or uncompress FILEs (by default, compress FILES in-place).

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

  -c, --stdout      write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
  -d, --decompress  decompress
  -f, --force       force overwrite of output file and compress links
  -h, --help        give this help
  -k, --keep        keep (don't delete) input files
  -l, --list        list compressed file contents
  -L, --license     display software license
  -n, --no-name     do not save or restore the original name and timestamp
  -N, --name        save or restore the original name and timestamp
  -q, --quiet       suppress all warnings
  -r, --recursive   operate recursively on directories
      --rsyncable   make rsync-friendly archive
  -S, --suffix=SUF  use suffix SUF on compressed files
      --synchronous synchronous output (safer if system crashes, but slower)
  -t, --test        test compressed file integrity
  -v, --verbose     verbose mode
  -V, --version     display version number
  -1, --fast        compress faster
  -9, --best        compress better

With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

Report bugs to <bug-gzip@gnu.org>.

mkdir -p /root/t-gz && cd /root/t-gz
yes 'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.' | head -c 2000000 > data.txt
gzip data.txt && ls -l

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5905 Oct  6 15:39 data.txt.gz

gunzip data.txt.gz && ls -l

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2000000 Oct  6 15:39 data.txt

gzip -k data.txt && ls -l

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2000000 Oct  6 15:39 data.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    5905 Oct  6 15:39 data.txt.gz

gzip -d data.txt.gz

gzip: data.txt already exists;  not overwritten

gzip -df data.txt.gz && ls -l

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2000000 Oct  6 15:39 data.txt

gzip -c data.txt > out.txt.gz && ls -l out.txt.gz

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5905 Oct  6 15:39 out.txt.gz

cp data.txt d1.txt && cp data.txt d6.txt && cp data.txt d9.txt
gzip -1 d1.txt && gzip -6 d6.txt && gzip -9 d9.txt
ls -l d1.txt.gz d6.txt.gz d9.txt.gz

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 11725 Oct  6 15:39 d1.txt.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  5903 Oct  6 15:39 d6.txt.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  5903 Oct  6 15:39 d9.txt.gz

gzip -t data.txt.gz && echo "exit=$?"

exit=0

gzip -l data.txt.gz

         compressed        uncompressed  ratio uncompressed_name
               5905             2000000  99.7% data.txt

gzip -v data.txt

data.txt:        99.7% -- replaced with data.txt.gz

zcat data.txt.gz | head -1

The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

gzip -n data.txt && od -c data.txt.gz | head -1

0000000 037 213  \b  \0  \0  \0  \0  \0  \0 003 355 312 311 025 202   0

gzip -N data.txt && od -c data.txt.gz | head -1

0000000 037 213  \b  \b   A 026 305   j  \0 003   d   a   t   a   .   t

mkdir -p sub1/sub2 && echo a > sub1/a.txt && echo b > sub1/sub2/b.txt
gzip -r sub1 && find sub1 -type f | sort

sub1/a.txt.gz
sub1/sub2/b.txt.gz

echo hi > s.txt && gzip -S .gz2 s.txt && ls s.txt.gz2
gunzip -S .gz2 s.txt.gz2 && ls s.txt

s.txt.gz2
s.txt

echo GARBAGE >> data.txt.gz && gunzip data.txt.gz

gzip: data.txt.gz: decompression OK, trailing garbage ignored

gzip -q data.txt && echo GARBAGE >> data.txt.gz && gunzip -q data.txt.gz; echo "exit=$?"

exit=2

echo hello | gzip | gunzip

hello

gzip -V | head -1

gzip 1.10

mkdir -p /root/t-zip/subd && cd /root/t-zip
echo 'file one content' > f1.txt && echo 'file two content' > f2.txt
echo 'sub file content' > subd/f3.txt
zip -r archive.zip f1.txt f2.txt subd

  adding: f1.txt (stored 0%)
  adding: f2.txt (stored 0%)
  adding: subd/ (stored 0%)
  adding: subd/f3.txt (stored 0%)

unzip -v | head -3

UnZip 6.00 of 20 April 2009, by Debian. Original by Info-ZIP.

Latest sources and executables are at ftp://ftp.info-zip.org/pub/infozip/ ;

mkdir -p /root/t-zip-x && cd /root/t-zip-x && unzip /root/t-zip/archive.zip

Archive:  /root/t-zip/archive.zip
 extracting: f1.txt
 extracting: f2.txt
   creating: subd/
 extracting: subd/f3.txt

unzip -l /root/t-zip/archive.zip

Archive:  /root/t-zip/archive.zip
  Length      Date    Time    Name
---------  ---------- -----   ----
       17  2026-10-06 15:40   f1.txt
       17  2026-10-06 15:40   f2.txt
        0  2026-10-06 15:40   subd/
       17  2026-10-06 15:40   subd/f3.txt
---------                     -------
       51                     4 files

unzip -t /root/t-zip/archive.zip

Archive:  /root/t-zip/archive.zip
    testing: f1.txt                   OK
    testing: f2.txt                   OK
    testing: subd/                    OK
    testing: subd/f3.txt              OK
No errors detected in compressed data of /root/t-zip/archive.zip.

rm -rf /root/t-zip-d && unzip /root/t-zip/archive.zip -d /root/t-zip-d >/dev/null
find /root/t-zip-d -type f | sort

/root/t-zip-d/f1.txt
/root/t-zip-d/f2.txt
/root/t-zip-d/subd/f3.txt

cd /root/t-zip-x && echo CHANGED > f1.txt && unzip -o /root/t-zip/archive.zip f1.txt
cat f1.txt

Archive:  /root/t-zip/archive.zip
 extracting: f1.txt
file one content

echo AGAIN > f1.txt && unzip -n /root/t-zip/archive.zip f1.txt && cat f1.txt

Archive:  /root/t-zip/archive.zip
AGAIN

rm -rf /root/t-zip-q && mkdir -p /root/t-zip-q
unzip -q /root/t-zip/archive.zip -d /root/t-zip-q; echo "exit=$?"

exit=0

unzip -l /root/t-zip/archive.zip -x 'f2.txt' | tail -3

       17  2026-10-06 15:40   subd/f3.txt
---------                     -------
       34                     3 files

cd /root/t-zip && zip -P test -r secret.zip f1.txt
unzip -o secret.zip f1.txt

Archive:  secret.zip
   skipping: f1.txt                  unable to get password

cd /root/t-zip-x && rm -f f1.txt && unzip -P test -o /root/t-zip/secret.zip f1.txt
cat f1.txt

Archive:  /root/t-zip/secret.zip
 extracting: f1.txt
file one content

unzip -Z /root/t-zip/archive.zip

Archive:  /root/t-zip/archive.zip
Zip file size: 641 bytes, number of entries: 4
-rw-r--r--  3.0 unx       17 tx stor 26-Oct-06 15:40 f1.txt
-rw-r--r--  3.0 unx       17 tx stor 26-Oct-06 15:40 f2.txt
drwxr-xr-x  3.0 unx        0 bx stor 26-Oct-06 15:40 subd/
-rw-r--r--  3.0 unx       17 tx stor 26-Oct-06 15:40 subd/f3.txt
4 files, 51 bytes uncompressed, 51 bytes compressed:  0.0%

unzip -Z -v /root/t-zip/archive.zip | head -9

Archive:  /root/t-zip/archive.zip
There is no zipfile comment.

End-of-central-directory record:
-------------------------------

  Zip archive file size:                       641 (0000000000000281h)
  Actual end-cent-dir record offset:           619 (000000000000026Bh)
  Expected end-cent-dir record offset:         619 (000000000000026Bh)

unzip -v /root/t-zip/archive.zip | head -9

Archive:  /root/t-zip/archive.zip
 Length   Method    Size  Cmpr    Date    Time   CRC-32   Name
--------  ------  ------- ---- ---------- ----- --------  ----
      17  Stored       17   0% 2026-10-06 15:40 5095d002  f1.txt
      17  Stored       17   0% 2026-10-06 15:40 ef86f377  f2.txt
       0  Stored        0   0% 2026-10-06 15:40 00000000  subd/
      17  Stored       17   0% 2026-10-06 15:40 703f9b1b  subd/f3.txt
--------          -------  ---                            -------
      51               51   0%                            4 files

mkdir -p /root/t-junk && cd /root/t-junk
unzip -j /root/t-zip/archive.zip subd/f3.txt >/dev/null && ls -l

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 17 Oct  6 15:36 f3.txt

cd /root/t-zip && printf 'line1\r\nline2\r\n' > crlf.txt && zip -r crlf.zip crlf.txt >/dev/null
unzip -p crlf.zip crlf.txt | od -c | head -2

0000000   l   i   n   e   1  \r  \n   l   i   n   e   2  \r  \n
0000016

unzip -a -p crlf.zip crlf.txt | od -c | head -2

0000000   l   i   n   e   1  \n   l   i   n   e   2  \n
0000014

unzip -b -p crlf.zip crlf.txt | od -c | head -2

0000000   l   i   n   e   1  \r  \n   l   i   n   e   2  \r  \n
0000016

/bin/sh: 1: bzip2: not found
tar: /root/t-bz2.tar.bz2: Wrote only 4096 of 10240 bytes
tar: Child returned status 127
tar: Error is not recoverable: exiting now

/bin/sh: 1: xz: not found
tar: Child returned status 127
tar: Error is not recoverable: exiting now

apt-get remove -y tar gzip unzip zip

apt-get purge -y tar gzip unzip zip