dpkg [<选项>...] <命令>
dpkg -i <.deb 文件>          # 安装本地包
dpkg -r <包名>               # 删除（保留配置文件）
dpkg -P <包名>               # 清除（连配置文件一起删）
dpkg -l [模式]               # 列出包及状态码
dpkg -L <包名>               # 列出包安装的所有文件
dpkg -S <文件路径|模式>      # 反查文件属于哪个包
dpkg -s <包名>               # 显示包状态详情

$ dpkg --help 2>&1
Usage: dpkg [<option>...] <command>

Commands:
  -i|--install       <.deb file name>... | -R|--recursive <directory>...
  --unpack           <.deb file name>... | -R|--recursive <directory>...
  -A|--record-avail  <.deb file name>... | -R|--recursive <directory>...
  --configure        <package>... | -a|--pending
  --triggers-only    <package>... | -a|--pending
  -r|--remove        <package>... | -a|--pending
  -P|--purge         <package>... | -a|--pending
  -V|--verify [<package>...]       Verify the integrity of package(s).
  --get-selections [<pattern>...]  Get list of selections to stdout.
  --set-selections                 Set package selections from stdin.
  --clear-selections               Deselect every non-essential package.
  --update-avail [<Packages-file>] Replace available packages info.
  --merge-avail [<Packages-file>]  Merge with info from file.
  --clear-avail                    Erase existing available info.
  --forget-old-unavail             Forget uninstalled unavailable pkgs.
  -s|--status [<package>...]       Display package status details.
  -p|--print-avail [<package>...]  Display available version details.
  -L|--listfiles <package>...      List files 'owned' by package(s).
  -l|--list [<pattern>...]         List packages concisely.
  -S|--search <pattern>...         Find package(s) owning file(s).
  -C|--audit [<package>...]        Check for broken package(s).
  --yet-to-unpack                  Print packages selected for installation.
  --predep-package                 Print pre-dependencies to unpack.
  --add-architecture <arch>        Add <arch> to the list of architectures.
  --remove-architecture <arch>     Remove <arch> from the list of architectures.
  --print-architecture             Print dpkg architecture.
  --print-foreign-architectures    Print allowed foreign architectures.
  --assert-help                    Show help on assertions.
  --assert-<feature>               Assert support for the specified feature.
  --validate-<thing> <string>      Validate a <thing>'s <string>.
  --compare-versions <a> <op> <b>  Compare version numbers - see below.
  --force-help                     Show help on forcing.
  -Dh|--debug=help                 Show help on debugging.

  -?, --help                       Show this help message.
      --version                    Show the version.

Validatable things: pkgname, archname, trigname, version.

Use dpkg with -b, --build, -c, --contents, -e, --control, -I, --info,
  -f, --field, -x, --extract, -X, --vextract, --ctrl-tarfile, --fsys-tarfile
on archives (type dpkg-deb --help).

Options:
  --admindir=<directory>     Use <directory> instead of /var/lib/dpkg.
  --root=<directory>         Install on a different root directory.
  --instdir=<directory>      Change installation dir without changing admin dir.
  --pre-invoke=<command>     Set a pre-invoke hook.
  --post-invoke=<command>    Set a post-invoke hook.
  --path-exclude=<pattern>   Do not install paths which match a shell pattern.
  --path-include=<pattern>   Re-include a pattern after a previous exclusion.
  -O|--selected-only         Skip packages not selected for install/upgrade.
  -E|--skip-same-version     Skip packages whose same version is installed.
  -G|--refuse-downgrade      Skip packages with earlier version than installed.
  -B|--auto-deconfigure      Install even if it would break some other package.
  --[no-]triggers            Skip or force consequential trigger processing.
  --verify-format=<format>   Verify output format (supported: 'rpm').
  --no-pager                 Disables the use of any pager.
  --no-debsig                Do not try to verify package signatures.
  --no-act|--dry-run|--simulate
                             Just say what we would do - don't do it.
  -D|--debug=<octal>         Enable debugging (see -Dhelp or --debug=help).
  --status-fd <n>            Send status change updates to file descriptor <n>.
  --status-logger=<command>  Send status change updates to <command>'s stdin.
  --log=<filename>           Log status changes and actions to <filename>.
  --ignore-depends=<package>[,...]
                             Ignore dependencies involving <package>.
  --force-<thing>[,...]      Override problems (see --force-help).
  --no-force-<thing>[,...]   Stop when problems encountered.
  --refuse-<thing>[,...]     Ditto.
  --abort-after <n>          Abort after encountering <n> errors.
  --robot                    Use machine-readable output on some commands.

Comparison operators for --compare-versions are:
  lt le eq ne ge gt       (treat empty version as earlier than any version);
  lt-nl le-nl ge-nl gt-nl (treat empty version as later than any version);
  < << <= = >= >> >       (only for compatibility with control file syntax).

Use 'apt' or 'aptitude' for user-friendly package management.

$ dpkg --version
Debian 'dpkg' package management program version 1.21.1 (amd64).
This is free software; see the GNU General Public License version 2 or
later for copying conditions. There is NO warranty.

$ dpkg -l dpkg | tail -1
ii  dpkg           1.21.1ubuntu2.6 amd64        Debian package management system

$ dpkg -l | head -8
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name                            Version                                 Architecture Description
+++-===============================-=======================================-============-================================================================================
ii  adduser                         3.118ubuntu5                            all          add and remove users and groups
ii  apparmor                        3.0.4-2ubuntu2.5                        amd64        user-space parser utility for AppArmor
ii  apt                             2.4.14                                  amd64        commandline package manager

$ dpkg -l libc6
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name           Version          Architecture Description
+++-==============-================-============-=================================
ii  libc6:amd64    2.35-0ubuntu3.15 amd64        GNU C Library: Shared libraries

$ dpkg -l not-exist-pkg 2>&1; echo rc=$?
dpkg-query: no packages found matching not-exist-pkg
rc=1

$ cd /root && apt-get download sl 2>&1 | tail -1
W: Download is performed unsandboxed as root as file '/root/sl_5.02-1_amd64.deb' couldn't be accessed by user '_apt'. - pkgAcquire::Run (13: Permission denied)

$ ls -lh /root/sl_*.deb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13K Feb  2  2019 /root/sl_5.02-1_amd64.deb

$ dpkg -i /root/sl_*.deb; echo rc=$?
Selecting previously unselected package sl.
(Reading database ... 26317 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack /root/sl_5.02-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking sl (5.02-1) ...
Setting up sl (5.02-1) ...
rc=0

$ dpkg -l sl | tail -1
ii  sl             5.02-1       amd64        Correct you if you type `sl' by mistake

$ /usr/games/sl 2>&1 | head -4
Error opening terminal: unknown.

$ dpkg -P sl >/dev/null 2>&1; echo sl-purged
sl-purged

$ cd /root && apt-get download cowsay 2>&1 | tail -1
W: Download is performed unsandboxed as root as file '/root/cowsay_3.03+dfsg2-8_all.deb' couldn't be accessed by user '_apt'. - pkgAcquire::Run (13: Permission denied)

$ dpkg -i /root/cowsay_*.deb; echo rc=$?
Selecting previously unselected package cowsay.
(Reading database ... 26317 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../cowsay_3.03+dfsg2-8_all.deb ...
Unpacking cowsay (3.03+dfsg2-8) ...
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of cowsay:
 cowsay depends on libtext-charwidth-perl; however:
  Package libtext-charwidth-perl is not installed.

dpkg: error processing package cowsay (--install):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
Errors were encountered while processing:
 cowsay
rc=1

$ dpkg -l cowsay | tail -1
iU  cowsay         3.03+dfsg2-8 all          configurable talking cow

$ dpkg -C; echo rc=$?
The following packages have been unpacked but not yet configured.
They must be configured using dpkg --configure or the configure
menu option in dselect for them to work:
 cowsay               configurable talking cow

rc=0

$ DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -f -y -o Dpkg::Use-Pty=0 2>&1 | tail -6
Selecting previously unselected package libtext-charwidth-perl.
(Reading database ... 26377 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libtext-charwidth-perl_0.04-10build3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libtext-charwidth-perl (0.04-10build3) ...
Setting up libtext-charwidth-perl (0.04-10build3) ...
Setting up cowsay (3.03+dfsg2-8) ...

$ dpkg -l cowsay | tail -1
ii  cowsay         3.03+dfsg2-8 all          configurable talking cow

$ /usr/games/cowsay dpkg works
 ____________
< dpkg works >
 ------------
        \   ^__^
         \  (oo)\_______
            (__)\       )\/\
                ||----w |
                ||     ||

$ dpkg --unpack /root/sl_*.deb; echo rc=$?
Selecting previously unselected package sl.
(Reading database ... 26317 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack /root/sl_5.02-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking sl (5.02-1) ...
rc=0

$ dpkg -l sl | tail -1
iU  sl             5.02-1       amd64        Correct you if you type `sl' by mistake

$ dpkg --configure sl; echo rc=$?
Setting up sl (5.02-1) ...
rc=0

$ dpkg -l sl | tail -1
ii  sl             5.02-1       amd64        Correct you if you type `sl' by mistake

$ dpkg --configure -a; echo rc=$?
rc=0

$ DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get install -y -qq -o Dpkg::Use-Pty=0 plocate >/dev/null 2>&1; echo install_rc=$?
install_rc=0

$ dpkg -l plocate
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name           Version         Architecture Description
+++-==============-===============-============-=================================
ii  plocate        1.1.15-1ubuntu2 amd64        much faster locate

$ ls -l /etc/updatedb.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 568 Feb  9  2022 /etc/updatedb.conf

$ dpkg -r plocate; echo rc=$?
(Reading database ... 26333 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing plocate (1.1.15-1ubuntu2) ...
rc=0

$ dpkg -l plocate
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name           Version         Architecture Description
+++-==============-===============-============-=================================
rc  plocate        1.1.15-1ubuntu2 amd64        much faster locate

$ ls -l /etc/updatedb.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 568 Feb  9  2022 /etc/updatedb.conf

$ dpkg -P plocate; echo rc=$?
(Reading database ... 26320 files and directories currently installed.)
Purging configuration files for plocate (1.1.15-1ubuntu2) ...
rc=0

$ dpkg -l plocate 2>&1; echo rc=$?
dpkg-query: no packages found matching plocate
rc=1

$ dpkg -L sl | head -8
/.
/usr
/usr/games
/usr/games/sl
/usr/share
/usr/share/doc
/usr/share/doc/sl
/usr/share/doc/sl/README

$ dpkg -S /usr/games/sl
sl: /usr/games/sl

$ dpkg -S /bin/ls
coreutils: /bin/ls

$ dpkg -S /etc/hostname 2>&1; echo rc=$?
dpkg-query: no path found matching pattern /etc/hostname
rc=1

$ dpkg -s sl | head -12
Package: sl
Status: install ok installed
Priority: optional
Section: games
Installed-Size: 59
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Architecture: amd64
Version: 5.02-1
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.2.5), libncurses6 (>= 6), libtinfo6 (>= 6)
Description: Correct you if you type `sl' by mistake
 Sl is a program that can display animations aimed to correct you
 if you type 'sl' by mistake.

$ dpkg -c /root/sl_*.deb | head -8
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2019-02-02 11:57 ./
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2019-02-02 11:57 ./usr/
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2019-02-02 11:57 ./usr/games/
-rwxr-xr-x root/root     26568 2019-02-02 11:57 ./usr/games/sl
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2019-02-02 11:57 ./usr/share/
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2019-02-02 11:57 ./usr/share/doc/
drwxr-xr-x root/root         0 2019-02-02 11:57 ./usr/share/doc/sl/
-rw-r--r-- root/root       360 2019-01-29 12:15 ./usr/share/doc/sl/README
dpkg-deb: error: tar subprocess was killed by signal (Broken pipe)

$ dpkg --info /root/sl_*.deb
 new Debian package, version 2.0.
 size 12708 bytes: control archive=960 bytes.
     516 bytes,    14 lines      control              
    1021 bytes,    16 lines      md5sums              
 Package: sl
 Version: 5.02-1
 Architecture: amd64
 Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
 Original-Maintainer: Markus Frosch <lazyfrosch@debian.org>
 Installed-Size: 59
 Depends: libc6 (>= 2.2.5), libncurses6 (>= 6), libtinfo6 (>= 6)
 Section: games
 Priority: optional
 Homepage: https://github.com/mtoyoda/sl
 Description: Correct you if you type `sl' by mistake
  Sl is a program that can display animations aimed to correct you
  if you type 'sl' by mistake.
  SL stands for Steam Locomotive.

$ dpkg-deb -f /root/sl_*.deb Package Version Architecture Depends
Package: sl
Version: 5.02-1
Architecture: amd64
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.2.5), libncurses6 (>= 6), libtinfo6 (>= 6)

$ dpkg --get-selections | head -5
adduser						install
apparmor					install
apt						install
base-files					install
base-passwd					install

$ dpkg --get-selections | wc -l
353

$ dpkg --get-selections bash
bash						install

$ dpkg --record-avail /root/sl_*.deb; echo rc=$?
Recorded info about sl from /root/sl_5.02-1_amd64.deb.
rc=0

$ echo 'sl install' | dpkg --set-selections; echo rc=$?
rc=0

$ dpkg --get-selections sl; echo rc=$?
sl						install
rc=0

$ dpkg -l sl | tail -1
in  sl             <none>       amd64        (no description available)

$ echo 'sl deinstall' | dpkg --set-selections; echo rc=$?
rc=0

$ dpkg -l sl | tail -1
un  sl             <none>       amd64        (no description available)

$ dpkg -C; echo rc=$?
rc=0

$ dpkg --verify; echo rc=$?
rc=0

$ cd /root && apt-get download cowsay libtext-charwidth-perl 2>&1 | tail -1
W: Download is performed unsandboxed as root as file '/root/libtext-charwidth-perl_0.04-10build3_amd64.deb' couldn't be accessed by user '_apt'. - pkgAcquire::Run (13: Permission denied)

$ ls -lh /root/cowsay_*.deb /root/libtext-charwidth-perl_*.deb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 19K May 12  2020 /root/cowsay_3.03+dfsg2-8_all.deb
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10K Feb  6  2022 /root/libtext-charwidth-perl_0.04-10build3_amd64.deb

$ dpkg -i /root/cowsay_*.deb /root/libtext-charwidth-perl_*.deb; echo rc=$?
Selecting previously unselected package cowsay.
(Reading database ... 26317 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../cowsay_3.03+dfsg2-8_all.deb ...
Unpacking cowsay (3.03+dfsg2-8) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libtext-charwidth-perl.
Preparing to unpack .../libtext-charwidth-perl_0.04-10build3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libtext-charwidth-perl (0.04-10build3) ...
Setting up libtext-charwidth-perl (0.04-10build3) ...
Setting up cowsay (3.03+dfsg2-8) ...
rc=0

$ dpkg -l cowsay libtext-charwidth-perl | grep ^ii
ii  cowsay                 3.03+dfsg2-8  all          configurable talking cow
ii  libtext-charwidth-perl 0.04-10build3 amd64        get display widths of characters on the terminal

$ /usr/games/cowsay offline install
 _________________
< offline install >
 -----------------
        \   ^__^
         \  (oo)\_______
            (__)\       )\/\
                ||----w |
                ||     ||

$ cd /root && apt-get download sl 2>&1 | tail -1
W: Download is performed unsandboxed as root as file '/root/sl_5.02-1_amd64.deb' couldn't be accessed by user '_apt'. - pkgAcquire::Run (13: Permission denied)

$ dpkg --unpack /root/sl_*.deb >/dev/null; echo unpack_rc=$?
unpack_rc=0

$ dpkg -C
The following packages have been unpacked but not yet configured.
They must be configured using dpkg --configure or the configure
menu option in dselect for them to work:
 sl                   Correct you if you type `sl' by mistake


$ dpkg --configure -a; echo rc=$?
Setting up sl (5.02-1) ...
rc=0

$ dpkg -C; echo rc=$?
rc=0

$ dpkg -l sl | tail -1
ii  sl             5.02-1       amd64        Correct you if you type `sl' by mistake

$ dpkg -l | grep '^rc'
rc  plocate                         1.1.15-1ubuntu2                         amd64        much faster locate

$ dpkg -l | grep '^rc' | awk '{print $2}' | xargs apt-get purge -y -o Dpkg::Use-Pty=0 2>&1 | tail -3
After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.
(Reading database ... 26320 files and directories currently installed.)
Purging configuration files for plocate (1.1.15-1ubuntu2) ...

$ dpkg -l | grep '^rc' | wc -l; echo rc=$?
0
rc=0